Перевод: с английского на русский

с русского на английский

in the same proportion

Толкование Перевод

1 in the same proportion

Техника: в одном и том же отношении

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > in the same proportion
2 proportion

1) пропорция

2) соотношение; соразмерность

3) часть, доля

4) состав ( смеси) || составлять, подбирать состав ( смеси)

5) дозировать

•

in direct proportion — в прямо пропорциональной зависимости;

in inverse proportion — в обратно пропорциональной зависимости;

in the same proportion — в одном и том же отношении;

to form a proportion — составлять пропорцию

-
derived proportion
-
mix proportion
-
nutrient proportion

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > proportion
3 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

back to top

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

back to top

Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

back to top

Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 5
"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
————————————————————————————————————————

Page 6

GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 7

GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 8

64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
4 just

I
1. [dʒʌst] = joust I и II

2. [dʒʌst] = joust I и II
II
1. [dʒʌst] a

1. справедливый

just dealing(s) - добросовестность

to be just to /towards/ smb. - быть справедливым (по отношению) к кому-л.

just cause - правое дело

to speak in a just cause - юр. выступать ( в суде) по справедливому делу

just war - справедливая война

2. заслуженный

to receive one's just deserts - получить по заслугам

just reward [punishment] - заслуженная награда [кара]

just sentence - мера наказания по заслугам

3. 1) обоснованный; имеющий основания

just opinion - разумное /правильное/ мнение

just suspicion [claim] - обоснованное подозрение [-ая претензия]

just anger - гнев, для которого есть все основания

just fear - небеспричинные опасения

2) законный

a just title to the estate - законное право на (данную) собственность

4. 1) верный, точный

just proportion - верное соотношение, правильная пропорция

just scales /balances/ - точные весы

2) муз. чистый, точный

just intonation - чистая /точная/ интонация

5. арх., библ. праведный

just person - праведник, добродетельный человек

just life - праведная жизнь

2. [dʒʌst] adv

1. именно, как раз, точно

just the man - именно тот человек, который нужен

that is just it - вот именно (об этом и речь)

just what I wanted - как раз /именно/ то, что мне надо

just what do you mean by...? - что именно вы подразумеваете под...?

just two o'clock - точно два часа

just in time - как раз вовремя

just at the very moment - в тот самый момент

just then - именно тогда

just when (as)... - как раз в то самое время, как...; лишь /как/ только...

just at that spot - именно здесь, как раз на этом месте

just so! - точно так!, совершенно верно, именно (так)!

just as much - столько же

2. едва

I just caught the train - я едва /еле-еле/ успел на поезд

only just enough - едва хватает

he just managed to pass the exam - он еле-еле /с натяжкой/ сдал экзамен

it just might work - не исключена возможность, что это поможет /возымеет действие/

3. только что

he has just come - он только что пришёл

the book is just out - книга только что вышла

4. 1) просто, всего лишь; только

he is just an ordinary man - он просто заурядный человек

just one! - а) возьмите хотя бы одну! (конфету и т. п.); б) ну дайте одну! (сигарету и т. п.)

let us just see - вот посмотрим

I came here just to see you - я пришёл сюда только для того, чтобы увидеть вас

just a minute! - минуточку!

just a moment, please - подождите минутку, пожалуйста!

2) эмоц.-усил. просто, прямо, совсем, абсолютно

it is just splendid - это прямо великолепно

time just flew - время просто летело

just fancy! - подумать только!; скажите!; можешь себе представить!

just look [listen, feel] - ты только посмотри [послушай, пощупай]

that is just the point! - в этом всё дело!

do just as you like! - ну, поступай, как знаешь!

5. в сочетаниях:

just about - примерно; почти что

he is just about thirty - ему лет тридцать

just about here - где-то здесь

I have had just about enough - с меня, пожалуй, хватит; с меня довольно

just as soon, just as well - так же, с тем же успехом

I would just as soon stay at home - я могу и дома остаться

it is just as well that... - пожалуй хорошо, что...

just now - а) сейчас; the chief is busy just now, call later - начальник сейчас занят, позвоните позже; б) только что

he was here just now - он только что здесь был

just the same - а) совершенно одинаковый; б) всё равно; it is just the same to me - мне всё равно; в) всё-таки, тем не менее

just the same he is a good man - и всё-таки /тем не менее/ он хороший человек

not just yet - пока ещё нет

I'll tell you but not just yet - я тебе расскажу, но не сейчас (а попозже)

I can't come just yet - я пока ещё не могу прийти

♢ just in case - на всякий случай

I shall leave a note just in case... - я оставлю записку на тот случай, если...

just my luck - ирон. мне всегда так везёт; таково уж моё везение; ≅ везёт как утопленнику

just the thing - а) как раз то, что нужно; б) так полагается; сейчас это модно

deep tan is just the thing this year - в этом году моден тёмный загар

I should just think (so)! - ещё бы!, конечно!

❝John is very proud of his daughter.❞ - ❝I should just think so!❞ - «Джон гордится своей дочкой.» - «Разумеется /это естественно/!»

didn't we just! - ещё бы!

❝Did you enjoy yourselves?❞ - ❝Didn't we just!❞ - «Вы хорошо провели время?» - «Ещё как!»

won't I just give it him! - вот я ему задам!

to just tremble - мор. слегка заиграть ( о парусе)

just noticeable difference - психол. минимальная различаемая разница ( между двумя стимулами)

НБАРС > just
5 extent

1. n протяжение, протяжённость

latitudinal extent — протяжённость по широте

2. n объём, пределы

the extent of power — пределы власти

to the extent of — до; вплоть до; в пределах

3. n степень, мера

to a great extent — в большой мере, в значительной степени

to the full extent — в полной мере

to a certain extent — в известной мере; до известной степени

to some extent — до некоторой степени

to such an extent — до такой степени, до таких пределов, в такой мере

to greater or lesser extent — в большей или меньшей степени

certain extent — в известной мере; до некоторой; степени

extent of fault — степень распространения неисправности

extent of inspection — степень контроля

to a large extent — в большой степени

4. n размер, величина

extent of error — величина ошибки

extent of the error — величина погрешности

extent of correction — величина поправки

to the same extent — в тот же размер

extent of business — размер операций

extent of damage — размер ущерба

5. n вчт. экстент, поле, область или зона памяти

extent of fluid movement — область дренирования

data extent block — блок экстентов данных

tolerance extent — поле допуска

Синонимический ряд:

1. amplitude (noun) amplitude; bounds; limit

2. continuance (noun) continuance; duration; endurance

3. magnitude (noun) amount; area; breadth; bulk; compass; degree; magnitude; mass; proportion

4. order (noun) matter; neighborhood; order; tune; vicinity

5. range (noun) ambit; border; circle; confines; distance; expanse; extension; extensity; length; orbit; panorama; purview; radius; range; reach; realm; scope; span; sphere; spread; stretch; sweep; width

6. size (noun) admeasurement; dimension; dimensionality; dimensions; greatness; measure; proportion; size

English-Russian base dictionary > extent
6 cogeneration
когенерация
Производство тепловой и электрической или механической энергии на одном и том же объекте. Типичный когенерирующий объект производит электроэнергию и пар для использования в промышленных процессах (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

когенерация
Одновременное производство электроэнергии и тепла. Когенерация может иметь любой масштаб от очень больших станций на нефтеперерабатывающих заводах до машин малой мощности в отдельных домах.
[Всемирный Союз Распределенной энергетики (WADE)]

EN

cogeneration
Production of heat energy and electrical or mechanical power from the same fuel in the same facility. A typical cogeneration facility produces electricity and steam for industrial process use (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

cogeneration
Term used interchangeable with 'combined heat and power'. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of both electricity and useful heat. Cogeneration can be on any scale from very large applications in refineries to tiny machines in individual home
[ http://www.wadecanada.ca/can_deb_what.html]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- cogeneration
комбинированное производство электрической энергии и тепла
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- cogeneration
- cogen
комбинированное производство электроэнергии и тепла
—
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]

Тематики
- релейная защита
EN
- cogeneration
комбинированное теплообразование
когенерация
Комбинированная выработка тепловой и электрической энергии или механической энергии.
[ ГОСТ Р 54860-2025]

Тематики
- теплоснабжение зданий
Синонимы
- когенерация
EN
- cogeneration
- combined head and power
одновременная генерация тепла и электричества
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

cogeneration
Usually the generation of heat in the form of steam, and the generation of power in the form of electricity. Combined heat and power plants are able to convert a much higher proportion of the energy in fuel into final output. The steam produced may be used through heat exchangers in a district heating scheme, while the electricity provides lighting and power. (Source: GILP96)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики
- охрана окружающей среды
EN
- cogeneration
DE
- Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung
FR
- cogénération
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cogeneration
7 do

делать глагол:
делать (make, do, create, pull, shape, confect)

выполнять (perform, carry out, execute, fulfill, do, implement)

заниматься (do, engage, engage in, be engaged in, practice, work)

поступать (act, do, proceed, enter, behave, deal)

проделать (do, perform, make)

действовать (ACT, function, operate, work, proceed, do)

исполнять (perform, execute, fulfill, comply, play, do)

принимать (take, accept, receive, adopt, assume, do)

деть (put, do, do with)

натворить (do)

вести себя (behave, act, do, conduct oneself, carry, comport)

устраивать (arrange, suit, organize, settle, hold, do)

готовить (ready, prepare, make ready, cook, train, do)

ставить (put, set, place, raise, put on, do)

покончить (do away, break away, do, polish off, get over, liquidate)

убивать (kill, murder, slay, slaughter, assassinate, do)

спать (sleep, bed, rest, slumber, be asleep, do)

преуспевать (succeed, do well, get on, prosper, thrive, do)

проходить (pass, penetrate, go, run, cover, do)

обманывать (deceive, cheat, kid, fool, spoof, do)

годиться (suit, fit, serve, do, become, lend)

кончать (end, finish, stop, terminate, close, do)

быть достаточным (suffice, adequate, do, go round, last, last out)

надувать (inflate, swell, distend, belly, finagle, do)

прибирать (clean up, clear up, tidy up, tidy, do, pick up)

заканчивать (end, finish, complete, conclude, close, do)

поживать (fare, do)

жарить (fry, roast, grill, Cook, broil, do)

осматривать (inspect, examine, look, view, visit, do)

подходить (approach, come, fit, suit, nigh, do)

загубить (waste, do)

чувствовать себя хорошо (do Well, be all right, do)

удовлетворять требованиям (suit, do)

приготовлять (make, brew, dress, do, make ready, get ready)

процветать (prosper, thrive, flourish, do)

тушить (stew, extinguish, put out, braise, quench, do)

отбывать срок (serve, do)

действовать в качестве (do)

проявлять деятельность (do)

быть активным (do)

проезжать (pass, pass by, go, get by, do)

приводить в порядок (tidy, straighten out, put in order, straighten, settle, do)

причинять вред (harm, hurt, do harm, prejudice, damnify, do)

мистифицировать (mystify, spoof, bamboozle, hoax, gag, do)

изматывать (harass, poop, wash out, do)

выматывать (exhaust, crock, do, gruel)
имя существительное:
до (C, do)

развлечение (entertainment, amusement, game, distraction, diversion, do)

успех (success, luck, hit, achievement, advance, do)

обман (spoof, deception, fraud, deceit, hype, do)

вечеринка (party, reception, evening, soiree, social, do)

распоряжение (disposal, order, disposition, command, direction, do)

мошенничество (fraud, cheating, swindle, cheat, dishonesty, do)

приказание (bidding, word, behest, do)

надувательство (sell, swindle, trickery, hype, skulduggery, do)

прием гостей (party, setout, do, at-home)

событие (event, occasion, development, happening, fact, do)

участие (participation, involvement, share, stake, partaking, do)

доля (share, proportion, fraction, percentage, portion, do)
сокращение:
то же самое (do)
наречие:
таким же образом (the same way, same, so, just the same, ditto, do)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > do
8 (*)B.J.

(*)B.J. (blow job)

именно этим в свое время занимались Моника и Билл, что позже осудила почтенная публика ("she gave him a blow job").

Не можем удержаться от цитаты с примером словоупотребления. Вот что написал одному из авторов его старый приятель (известный канадский ученый и большой знаток излагаемого нами вопроса со времен молодости, когда он подрабатывал дальнобойщиком), ознакомившись с первым вариантом этого фундаментального исследования: "I am surprised at the words you missed in your dictionary - especially since you lived in the deep South. Anyhow here goes: You ask a girl, "Can I have a little nooky"? It is also called poontang which is the same thing as a piece of tail. By this time she will have slapped your face soundly. Then you follow up with, "Mind if I do a little muff diving?" (oral sex performed on a woman). If she says "Yes, I do mind!", then try this: "How about giving me a blow job?" (oral sex performed on a man) which is the same as giving head."

Представьте теперь восторг одного из авторов, когда в коридоре его американской конторы один интеллигентный носитель английского как иностранного громко высказался насчет недавних событий в кабинете начальства. Он хотел сказать, что там чью-то голову дали на отсечение, а сформулировал это так: "They gave him her head..." М-да. (См. HEAD).

Иногда просто говорят (*) blow - в том же смысле что и B.J. Но blow имеет и еще одно - популярное! - значение: нюхать кокаин. Blow out of proportion - вполне цензурное выражение - эквивалент нашего "делать из мухи слона".

American slang. English-Russian dictionary > (*)B.J.
9 part

1. n часть, доля

parts of a fraction — доли дроби

the greater part of the population — большая часть населения

in the early part of the week — в начале недели

in part — частично, частью

to pay in parts — платить по частям

the best part of a week — большая часть недели

during the early part of the war — в начале войны

the best part of a bottle of wine — добрая половина бутылки вина

five parts of the whole — пять частей от целого

in the hot part of the day — в жаркое время дня

part of the house is to let — сдаётся часть дома

it is a part of his functions — это входит в его функции

it is no part of my intentions — это не входит в мои намерения

the most part — большая часть

for the most part — большей частью

a corporate part of our own life — неотъемлемая часть нашей жизни

English forms a part of the regular curriculum — английский язык входит в учебную программу

he received part of his education in England — он некоторое время обучался в Англии

part number cancellation — изменение номеров запасных частей

much travelled part of the country — оживлённая часть страны

horizontal part of the pulse — горизонтальная часть импульса

integral part of a contract — неотъемлемая часть контракта

I flew part of the way — часть пути я проделал на самолёте

2. n часть; доля

an hour is the twenty fourth part of the day — час — одна двадцать четвёртая часть суток

in part of — в части

key part — ключевая часть

lower part — нижняя часть

wear part — сменная часть

fore part — передняя часть

3. n редк. группа, фракция

a new move on the part of France — новая акция Франции

4. n участие; обязанность, дело

to take part in conversation — принимать участие в разговоре

I had no part in it — я в этом не принимал участия

it was done without my taking part in it — это было сделано без моего участия

it was not my part to interfere — не моё было дело вмешиваться

taken part in competition — принимал участие в соревнованиях

take part in competition — принимать участие в соревнованиях

physical part in crime — физическое участие в преступлении

took part in competition — принял участие в соревнованиях

taking part in judging — принимающий участие в судействе

5. n часть, том; серия

the story appeared in parts — рассказ публикуется в нескольких номерах

swing part — маховая часть

upper part — верхняя часть

bilge part — скуловая часть

front part — передняя часть

higher part — верхняя часть

6. n обыкн. часть тела, орган, член

privy parts — половые органы

constituent part — составная часть

integral part — неотъемлемая часть

any part thereof — любая его часть

operation part — операционная часть

presenting part — предлежащая часть

7. n роль, значение

a building that plays many parts — здание, которое используется для различных целей; полифункциональное здание

play part — играть роль

play a part — играть роль

fat part — выигрышная роль

name part — заглавная роль

played a part — играл роль

8. n сторона, аспект

the annoying part of the matter is that … — неприятная сторона этого дела в том …

for our part — с нашей стороны

on your part — с Вашей стороны

for his part — со своей стороны

for its part — со своей стороны

for your part — с Вашей стороны

9. n обыкн. край, местность

in foreign parts — в чужих краях

we are from the same parts — мы земляки

in these parts of the world — в этих местах

from a very far part of the world — из далёкого уголка мира

the five parts of the world — пять частей света

malaria-stricken parts of the country — районы страны, где свирепствует малярия

the most densely populated and poverty stricken part of London — наиболее густонаселённые и бедные районы Лондона

remote parts of the country — отдалённые районы страны

the terrestrial parts of the world — суша

10. n уст. способности

a man of parts — способный человек

11. n амер. пробор в волосах

часть, форма

on-line part recognition — распознавание деталей с помощью ЭВМ

12. n тех. деталь, часть

spare parts — запасные части

part name — наименование детали

part orientation — ориентация детали

stationary part — неподвижная деталь

swivelling part — вращающаяся деталь

applied part — рабочая часть аппарата

for the greater part — большей частью

13. n муз. партия, голос

orchestral parts — оркестровые партии

bottom part — нижний голос

lowest part — нижний голос

part music — пение по партиям

voice part — вокальная партия

principal part — основной голос

14. n архит. 1

this is part and parcel of my subject — это неотъемлемая часть моей темы

on the one part … on the other part … — с одной стороны … с другой стороны …

in good part — благосклонно, милостиво, без обиды

in bad part — неблагосклонно, с обидой

to take smth. in good part — не обидеться

end-for-end part reorientation — поворот детали на 180 градусов

15. v разделять, отделять, делить на части

the island parts the river into two branches — остров делит реку на два рукава

a smile parted her lips — её губы раскрылись в улыбке

took part — принял участие

label part — адресная часть

major part — большая часть

part title — заглавие части

spare part — запасная часть

16. v разделяться, отделяться; разъединяться

our roads part here — здесь наши пути расходятся

the crowd parted and let him pass — толпа расступилась и дала ему пройти

17. v разлучать, разъединять

the lovers were parted — любовники были разлучены

part the hair — делать пробор; разлучать; разлучиться; расставаться; расстаться

18. v разлучаться, расставаться

let us part friends — расстанемся друзьями

19. v разнимать

to part fighters — разнимать дерущихся

20. v расчёсывать на пробор

part identification tag — товарный знак

she knew her part well — она хорошо знала свою роль

21. v отличать, выделять

to part error from crime — отличать ошибку от преступления

22. v разг. расставаться

I would not part with it for the world — я ни за что с этим не расстанусь

23. v разг. платить

the lodger rarely parted before Monday — жилец редко платил раньше понедельника

24. v разг. умирать

25. v разг. уст. делить

to part the booty — делить добычу

26. v разг. мор. срываться с якоря

to part with the cable — расклёпывать якорную цепь

the best part of an hour — почти час, добрый час

rotational part fms — ГПС по выпуску деталей вращения

27. adv частью; отчасти; частично

part delivery — частичная поставка

payment in part — частичная уплата

interchangeable part — сменная часть

part and parcel — неотъемлемая часть

part substitution — частичная замена

Синонимический ряд:

1. incomplete (adj.) fractional; fragmentary; incomplete; partial

2. appendage (noun) appendage; limb; member; organ

3. characterization (noun) characterization; lead

4. division (noun) chapter; district; division; parcel; partition; passage; portion; quarter; region; section; segment; slice; subdivision

5. duty (noun) charge; duty; function; office; responsibility

6. piece (noun) component; constituent; cut; element; factor; fraction; fragment; ingredient; moiety; piece

7. ration (noun) allocation; allotment; allowance; apportionment; bite; concern; dividend; interest; lot; measure; meed; partage; participation; proportion; quantum; quota; ration; share

8. role (noun) character; impersonation; personification; role

9. side (noun) side

10. apportion (verb) allot; apportion; deal out; distribute; mete out; parcel out; portion; share

11. depart (verb) depart; die; go; leave; pass away; pass on; quit; vacate; withdraw

12. separate (verb) break; break off; break up; cleave; detach; dichotomize; disconnect; disjoin; disjoint; dissect; dissever; dissociate; disunite; divide; divorce; partition; rupture; section; segment; separate; sever; split; split up; sunder; uncombine

Антонимический ряд:

aggregate; all; amount; arrive; body; bulk; combination; completeness; compound; entirety; everything; gross; integrity; join; mass; nothing; total; whole

English-Russian base dictionary > part
10 government payroll

эк. тр., гос. фин. бюджетный сектор, бюджетники* (государственные и гражданские служащие, а также все прочие работники, получающие зарплату из государственного бюджета)

a reduction in the government payroll of 40,000 positions — сокращение бюджетного сектора на 40 тыс. рабочих мест

The number of government jobs stayed about the same between 2001 and 2002. But because employment in non-governmental jobs was declining, the proportion of all workers on a government payroll is rising. — Количество рабочих мест в государственном секторе с 2001 по 2002 г. практически не изменилось. Но вследствие того что число рабочих мест в частном секторе уменьшается, доля "бюджетников" растет.

The issue of ghost names on government payroll is as old as our independence as a nation from colonial rule. — Проблема мертвых душ в бюджетах государственных организаций так же стара, как и независимость нашей страны от колониального гнета.

He is the highest paid civil servant on the government payroll. — Это самый высокооплачиваемый служащий в бюджетном секторе.

To increase taxes, as occurred a few months ago, primarily to be able to have more money to increase the government payroll is not justified. — Повышение налогов с целью получения дополнительных средств для расширения бюджетного сектора, как это было несколько месяцев назад, не является оправданным.

Syn:

public payroll, governmental payroll

See:

government sector

Англо-русский экономический словарь > government payroll
11 just

1. a справедливый

just dealing — добросовестность

just cause — правое дело

just peace — справедливый мир

just war — справедливая война

just basis — справедливая база

just price — справедливая цена

just peace — справедливый мир

2. a заслуженный

just reward — заслуженная награда

just deserts — заслуженное наказание

3. a обоснованный; имеющий основания

just opinion — разумное мнение

just suspicion — обоснованное подозрение

4. a законный

a just title to the estate — законное право на собственность

5. a верный, точный

just proportion — верное соотношение, правильная пропорция

just so — совершенно верно

just as — точно так же; как

just like — точно так же как

just the same — точно такой же; все равно

6. a муз. чистый, точный

just intonation — чистая интонация

7. a арх. библ. праведный

just person — праведник, добродетельный человек

8. adv именно, как раз, точно

just the man — именно тот человек, который нужен

that is just it — вот именно

just what I wanted — как раз то, что мне надо

just what do you mean by …? — что именно вы подразумеваете под …?

just in time — как раз вовремя

just at the very moment — в тот самый момент

just then — именно тогда

just when … — как раз в то самое время, как …; лишь только …

just at that spot — именно здесь, как раз на этом месте

this once, just for once — хотя бы раз; только в этой связи

I just happen along — я как раз проходил мимо и решил зайти

just as if nothing had happened — как ни в чём не бывало

just the right colour — как раз подходящий цвет

it is just as you say, you said it — вот именно

9. adv едва

I just caught the train — я едва успел на поезд

only just enough — едва хватает

he just missed being killed — он едва не был убит

10. adv только что

he has just come — он только что пришёл

but just — только что

just now — только что

only just — только что

just so that — именно так чтобы

he was here just now — он только что был здесь

11. adv просто, всего лишь; только

he is just an ordinary man — он просто заурядный человек

let us just see — вот посмотрим

I came here just to see you — я пришёл сюда только для того, чтобы увидеть вас

I only just mentioned it to him — я только упомянул об этом

her name just slipped out — у меня просто вырвалось её имя

he just escaped being killed — его чуть не убили

it has just gone six — только что пробило шесть

this is just routine — это просто формальность

12. adv эмоц. -усил. просто, прямо, совсем, абсолютно

it is just splendid — это прямо великолепно

time just flew — время просто летело

just fancy! — подумать только!; скажите!; можешь себе представить!

just look — ты только посмотри

not just — не просто

just above — прямо над

more than just — более чем просто

more then just — более чем просто

he is just plain stupid — он просто глуп

Синонимический ряд:

1. accurate (adj.) accurate; correct; exact; normal; proper; regular

2. barely (adj.) barely; hardly; scarcely

3. fair (adj.) candid; dispassionate; equal; equitable; ethical; evenhanded; even-handed; fair; fair-minded; impartial; impersonal; indifferent; liberal; nondiscriminatory; nonpartisan; non-partisan; objective; square; unbiased; uncolored; undistinctive; unprejudiced; unprepossessed

4. fit (adj.) applicable; appropriate; apt; befitting; condign; deserved; due; felicitous; fit; fitting; happy; lawful; legal; legitimate; meet; merited; requisite; rhadamanthine; rightful; suitable

5. honest (adj.) conscientious; honest; honorable; honourable; moral; pure; right; righteous; scrupulous; uncorrupt; upright; virtuous

6. merely (adj.) merely; only; plainly; simply

7. sound (adj.) cogent; solid; sound; valid

8. true (adj.) faithful; strict; true; undistorted; veracious; veridical

9. well-founded (adj.) good; justified; well-founded; well-grounded

10. accurately (other) accurately; as well; bang; even; exactly; expressly; plumb; precisely; right; sharp; spang; square; squarely; strictly speaking; to a T

11. all (other) all; all in all; altogether; in toto; purely; quite; stick; totally; utterly; wholly

12. barely (other) barely; by a hair's breadth; hardly; scarce; scarcely

13. but (other) alone; but; merely; only; simply

Антонимический ряд:

biased; completely; corrupt; dishonest; dishonourable; disorderly; illegal; inequitable; inexact; inharmonious; iniquitous; irregular; one-sided; partial; unwarranted

English-Russian base dictionary > just
12 just

1) только-что

2) верный
3) точный
4) точно
5) как раз
6) именно
7) едва
8) справедливый
9) хоть
– just as well
– just in case
– just now
– just proportion

in just the same way — точно так же

Англо-русский технический словарь > just

См. также в других словарях:

The Runelords — is a fantasy series by author David Farland. In the universe of The Runelords, there exists a unique magical system which relies on the existence of distinct bodily attributes, such as brawn, grace, and wit. These attributes can be transferred… … Wikipedia
The Holocaust — Holocaust and Shoah redirect here. For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). Selection on … Wikipedia
proportion/proportionality — In algebra, equality between two ratios. In the expression a/b = c/d, a and b are in the same proportion as c and d. For example, if one triangle is twice the size of a second, then each side of the first triangle is in the same proportion to the … Universalium
The White House — White White (hw[imac]t), a. [Compar. {Whiter} (hw[imac]t [ e]r); superl. {Whitest}.] [OE. whit, AS. hw[imac]t; akin to OFries. and OS. hw[=i]t, D. wit, G. weiss, OHG. w[=i]z, hw[=i]z, Icel. hv[=i]tr, Sw. hvit, Dan. hvid, Goth. hweits, Lith.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
The Irish (in Countries Other Than Ireland) — The Irish (in countries other than Ireland) † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Irish (in countries other than Ireland) I. IN THE UNITED STATES Who were the first Irish to land on the American continent and the time of their arrival are … Catholic encyclopedia
Proportion — Pro*por tion, n. [F., fr. L. proportio; pro before + portio part or share. See {Portion}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The relation or adaptation of one portion to another, or to the whole, as respect magnitude, quantity, or degree; comparative relation;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Proportion (architecture) — Proportion is the relation between elements and a whole. Architectural proportions In architecture the whole is not just a building but the set and setting of the site. The things that make a building and its site well shaped include the… … Wikipedia
The United States of America — The United States of America † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The United States of America BOUNDARIES AND AREA On the east the boundary is formed by the St. Croix River and an arbitrary line to the St. John, and on the north by the… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Brehon Laws — The Brehon Laws † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Brehon Laws Brehon law is the usual term for Irish native law, as administered in Ireland down to almost the middle of the seventeenth century, and in fact amongst the native Irish until… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Rough Wooing — was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott and H. E. Marshall to describe the Anglo Scottish war pursued intermittently from 1544 to 1551. It followed from the failure of the Scots to honour the terms of the 1543 Treaty of Greenwich, by which the… … Wikipedia
The Seal of Confession — The Law of the Seal of Confession † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Law of the Seal of Confession In the Decretum of the Gratian who compiled the edicts of previous councils and the principles of Church law which he published about 1151,… … Catholic encyclopedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

in the same proportion

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

in the same proportion

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

Тематики

Синонимы

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: